Biography of Alice Paul, Womens Suffrage Activist

Alice Paul (January 11, 1885–July 9, 1977) was a leading figure responsible for the final push and success in winning passage of the 19th Amendment (womens suffrage) to the U.S. Constitution. She is identified with the more radical wing of the womens suffrage movement that later developed. Fast Facts: Alice Paul Known For: Alice Paul was one of the leaders of the womens suffrage movement and continued to work for womens rights throughout the first half of the 20th centuryBorn: January 11, 1885 in Mount Laurel, New JerseyParents: Tacie Parry and William PaulDied: July 9, 1977 in Moorestown, New JerseyEducation: Bachelors Degree from Swarthmore University; Masters Degree from Columbia University; Ph.D.  from the University of Pennsylvania; Law Degree from American UniversityPublished Works: Equal Rights AmendmentAwards and Honors:  Posthumously inducted into the National Womens Hall of Fame in and the New Jersey Hall of Fame; had stamps and coins created in her imageNotable Quote: There will never be a new world order until women are a part of it. Early Life Alice Paul was born in Moorestown, New Jersey, in 1885. Her parents raised her and her three younger siblings as Quakers. Her father, William M. Paul, was a successful businessman, and her mother, Tacie Parry Paul, was active in the Quaker (Society of Friends) movement.  Tacie Paul was a descendant of William Penn and William Paul was a descendant of the Winthrop family, both early leaders in Massachusetts.  William Paul died when Alice was 16 years old, and a more conservative male relative, asserting leadership in the family, caused some tensions with the familys more liberal and tolerant ideas. Alice Paul  attended Swarthmore College, the same institution her mother had attended as one of the first women educated there.  She majored in biology at first but developed an interest in social sciences.  Paul then went to work at the New York College Settlement, while attending the New York School of Social Work for a year after graduating from Swarthmore in 1905.   Alice Paul left for England in 1906 to work in the settlement house movement for three years. She studied first at a Quaker school and then at the University of Birmingham. While in England, Paul was exposed to the suffragist movement in progress, which had a profound impact on her direction in life. She  returned to America to get her Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania (1912).  Her dissertation was on womens legal status. Alice Paul and the National Womans Party In England, Alice Paul had taken part in more radical protests for womens suffrage, including participating in the hunger strikes. She worked with the Womens Social and Political Union. She brought back this sense of militancy, and back in the U.S. she organized protests and rallies and was imprisoned three times. Alice Paul joined and became chair of a major committee (congressional) of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) within a year, in her mid-20s. A year later in 1913, however, Alice Paul and others withdrew from the NAWSA to form the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage. Paul and her supporters believed that the NAWSA was too conservative and that a more radical approach was needed to push forward the agenda of womens suffrage. Pauls new organization evolved into the National Womans Party (NWP), and Alice Pauls leadership was key to this organizations founding and future. Alice Paul and the National Womans Party emphasized working for a federal constitutional amendment for suffrage. Their position was at odds with the position of the NAWSA, headed by Carrie Chapman Catt, which was to work state-by-state as well as at the federal level. Despite the often intense acrimony between the National Womans Party and the National American Woman Suffrage Association, the two groups tactics complemented each other.  NAWSAs taking more deliberate action to win suffrage in elections meant that more politicians at the federal level had a stake in keeping women voters happy. The NWPs militant stance kept the issue of womens suffrage at the forefront of the political world. Winning Womens Suffrage Alice Paul, as the leader of the NWP, took her cause to the streets. Following the same approach as her English compatriots, she put together pickets, parades, and marches, including a very large event in Washington, DC, on March 3, 1913. Eight thousand women marched down Pennsylvania Avenue with banners and floats, cheered and jeered by tens of thousands of onlookers. Just two weeks later, Pauls group met with newly-elected President Woodrow Wilson, who told them that their time had not yet come. In response, the group embarked on an 18-month period of picketing, lobbying, and demonstrations. More than 1,000 women stood at the gates of the White House each day, displaying signs as the silent sentinels. The result was that many of the picketers were arrested and jailed for months. Paul arranged a hunger strike, which led to intense publicity for her cause. In 1928, Woodrow Wilson succumbed and announced his support for womens votes. Two years later, womens suffrage was the law. Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) After the 1920 victory for the federal amendment, Paul became involved in the struggle to introduce and pass an Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). The Equal Rights Amendment was finally passed by Congress in 1970 and sent to the states to ratify. However, the number of states necessary never ratified  the ERA within the specified time limit, and the amendment failed. Paul continued her work into her later years, earning a law degree in 1922 at Washington College, and then going on to earn a Ph.D. in law at American University. Death Alice Paul died in 1977 in New Jersey, after the heated battle for the Equal Rights Amendment brought her once more to the forefront of the American political scene. Legacy Alice Paul was one of the primary forces behind the passage of the 19th Amendment, a major and lasting achievement. Her influence continues today through the Alice Paul Institute, which states on its website: The Alice Paul Institute educates the public about the life and work of Alice Stokes Paul (1885-1977), and offers heritage and girls’ leadership development programs at Paulsdale, her home and a National Historic Landmark. Alice Paul led the final fight to get women the vote and wrote the Equal Rights Amendment. We honor her legacy as a role model of leadership in the continuing quest for equality. Sources Alicepaul.org, Alice Paul Institute. Butler, Amy E. Two Paths to Equality: Alice Paul and Ethel M. Smith in the ERA Debate, 1921-1929. State University of New York Press, 2002. Lunardini, Christine A. From Equal Suffrage to Equal Rights: Alice Paul and the National Womans Party, 1910-1928. American Social Experience, iUniverse, April 1, 2000.

Heightening Awareness On The Importance Of Using...

HEIGHTENING AWARENESS ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF USING MULTICULTURAL LITERATURE Heightening Awareness about the Importance of Using Multicultural Literature In their paper, Heightening Awareness about the Importance of Using Multicultural Literature, the authors, Susan A. Colby and Anna F. Lyon, express the importance how teachers should create an awareness on the importance of multicultural literature in today’s classrooms, and how the role of literature of this type plays an important role in the lives children. The authors state that, â€Å"Multicultural literature helps children identify with their own culture, exposes children to other cultures, and opens the dialogue on issues regarding diversity†, (Colby Lyon, p. 1). By having students of theirs reflect on their reading of, African American children’s literature that helps students find themselves: Selection guidelines for grades K-3† (Hefflin Barksdale-Ladd, 2001), the authors have given several probable ideas and summations to support their research. They go on to examine beliefs and practices based on the importance of using such literature in today’s classrooms that will provide a student with a variety of cultural understandings and views, along with themes of the issues held by the public in which these students are now living in. 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Antigone Compare Contrast Essay free essay sample

Antigone, a tragic heroine in the self titled Sophocles play, fights against male power demonstrating courage and determination. Although Jean Anouilh and Sophocles both create the character Antigone to be a spoiled, scrawny princess, they create different personas out of her. In Anouilh’s version of Antigone is honest, soft spoken and an unhappy person, in Sophocles version Antigone is a strong willed, brave and powerful individual who is not afraid to stand up for what she believes in. Both tragedies share various similarities and differences in the content, themes, and conflicts; specifically focusing on the comparisons between the themes of power, corruption and responsibility throughout. Ultimately the outcome of both tragedies is a result of Antigone’s selfless act and the effect it has on others. Creon is the most diverse character between the two versions. In Sophocles Antigone Creon states that once the news is released to the public that Antigone buries Polynices, he has no power over the decision any longer. We will write a custom essay sample on Antigone Compare Contrast Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In Anouilh’s Antigone Creon does not make an immediate decision to execute Antigone, he gives the decision thought. This is proven when Creon states â€Å"Very well. Now Listen to me. You will go straight to your room. When you get there, you will go to bed. You will say that you are not well and that you have not been out since yesterday. Your nurse will tell the same story. And I’ll get rid of those three men. † (Anouilh, 41). In Sophocles he treats Antigone’s consequence as if he does not have to follow the law he enforces with his power, as opposed to Anouilh’s where Creon uses his power and sends Antigone to her room to think about his decision. Next, Creon demonstrates an inner power in both plays by viewing his decisions based upon being a king rather than a villain. He believes he has to make decisions based on the duties of a king rather than his own personal opinions. This is shown when Creon says â€Å"I agree my trade forces me to be. We could argue whether I ought or ought not to follow my trade, but once I take on the job I must do it properly. †(Anouilh, 48). In both plays the end decisions result in Creon following through with the laws he enforces. He values his role of being king more than his role of being an uncle. Finally, Creon’s decision to execute Antigone not only demonstrates his power but also the corruption that causes Haemon, Ismene and Eurydice to all take their lives as they are unable to cope with the loss of Antigone. This is shown when Creon states â€Å"I have had them laid out side by side. They are together at last, and at peace. Two lovers on the morrow of their bridal. Their work is done. † (Anouilh, 69). If Creon chooses not to follow his duties as a king, he will not feel the remorse and guilt like he does for the consequences of his actions. Antigone first demonstrates a sense of power and bravery in both plays when deciding to bury Polynices despite Creon’s law against it. Using her power, Antigone attempts to convince Ismene to join in upon the act of loyalty with her, but being the innocent sister Ismene is not in agreeance. This is proven when she says to Ismene â€Å"The punishment for disobedience is death by stoning. So now you know. And now is the time to show whether or not you are worthy of your high blood. † (Sophocles, 127). Subsequently in both plays Antigone takes advantage of being a princess and Creon’s niece, and goes ahead with her choice to bury Polynices. Although she knows the possible outcomes of her choice, this does not stop her as she believes Creon will be more sympathetic towards her. Antigone proves this when she says â€Å"Poor Creon! My nails are broken, my fingers are bleeding, my arms are covered with the wells left by the paws of your guards- but I am queen! † (Anouilh, 50). Therefore she takes advantage her relationship with Creon in order to gain power. Lastly, the outcome of Antigone at the end of each play was the same, but the amount of power she obtains is the difference. In Sophocles there is no doubt that Antigone’s death is tragic and heroic. However the tragedy seems to be more heroic in Sophocles Antigone than it does in Anouilh’s. This is demonstrated when Antigone says â€Å"I have given my brother burial. What greater honour could I wish? All these would say that what I did was honorable but fear locks up their lips. To speak and act just as he likes is a king’s prerogative. † (Sophocles, 140). After Creon executes Antigone in Sophocles the play drags on to emphasize how powerful a character she is in Anouilh’s Antigone is killed and the story ends shortly after as if what she does is not heroic. Haemon plays a very important role in Antigones heroic journey to tragedy in both Sophocles and Anouilh’s play. He is engaged to Antigone and is the son of Creon which gives him power over Antigone to begin with. Using his power, in both plays he tries to convince Creon that the execution of Antigone will not bring only sadness to others, but tragedy to his own life. This is shown when he says â€Å"Live as you say! Live a life without Antigone? A life in which I am to go on admiring you as you busy yourself about your kingdom, make your persuasive speeches, strike your attitudes? Not without Antigone. I love Antigone. I will not live without Antigone. † (Anouilh 62). Haemon is similar to Antigone because he takes advantage of his power to try and help in the end. In Anouilh’s version of Antigone there is a significant change in affection shown by Haemon towards Antigone. The play features more romance between the couple that is not in Sophocles version. Haemon is able to gain power over Antigone through devotion as she is so blinded by love and romance she does not realize it. An example is when Haemon says â€Å"Antigone, darling, I love you exactly as you love me. With all of myself. † (Anouilh, 27). Although Haemon does not take advantage of Antigone’s love, he does have more control over their relationship because of it. Lastly, Haemon’s power and corruption comes through at the end of both plays when he attempts to kill his father Creon and proceeds to murder himself. This is proven when he says â€Å"That sight I’ll never see. Nor from this hour shall you see me again. Let those that will be witness of your wickedness and folly. † (Sophocles, 147). This shows Creon causes the corruption by taking Antigone away from Haemon. This is Haemon’s desperate attempt to seek power and get revenge against Creon for all the pain he has suffered. It is clear that the reoccurring theme of power is present throughout both versions of Antigone and demonstrates this through the actions and tragedies of the characters Creon, Antigone and Haemon. Both Sophocles and Anouilh’s tragedies share similarities and differences in the content, themes and conflicts. These comparisons are present between the themes of power, corruption and responsibility shown throughout the play. The tragedy of Antigone in both plays is inevitable as the choices she makes foreshadow her outcome and affect the people around her. The end result is a tragedy due to the power that is lost, the corruption that is caused, and the responsibilities that are maintained.

Police Subculture Essay Example For Students

Police Subculture Essay The police officers as social workers. Probably, there is not as needed and demanded profession, as a profession of police officers. Always and everywhere, at any time, in any society, there is a need to maintain public order, to comply with the law, to ensure the protection of citizens. There is no such a dangerous profession as a police officers job. By risking lives, the police officers are involved in operations to capture particularly dangerous and armed criminals, in search of thieves, to reveal serious thefts. There is no such other profession where you must necessarily have a certain set of professional and personal qualities, that’s called appropriate police behavior. Of course, nobody speaks of supermen with supernatural abilities. We see such officers only in motion pictures. In real life, police officers are serious, responsible, courageous people. Police officers are professionals. In order to effectively protect the rule of law and legitimate interests of citizens, officers must detain violators of the law in society quickly, and without any risk, officers must comply with modern standards. Police officers are everywhere and always. Officers are not only in offices and posts but also in educational institutions, points of sale, stadiums, theaters, cinemas, railways and air transport, motorways, metro and other places of a mass gathering of society. Usually, representatives of police subculture have to patrol a certain area, go to the scene of the crime, and into the zone of holding certain public actions. Requirements for candidates of police subculture are quite solid. It is clear that police officers should not have a criminal record, be physically and mentally healthy. The test for physical training and passing psychological examination is compulsory. In addition, periodic submission of standards for shooting and physical training is required from police officers. The concept of police subculture. Talking about police subculture, let’s, first of all, define who police officers are. Police officers are people responsible for protecting the rules of law in society, protecting the legitimate interests of people by preventing the offense. The main task of the police officers is the protection of public order.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Officers have the right to carry out a number of actions: to check documents from a citizen, to demand from the public the observance of social norms and rules, even to detain the public on the basis of suspicion of committing a crime and deliver responsible for instance for violence to the police station. In cases stipulated by law, officers may enter the premises, use public transport belonging to organizations and individuals, and if necessary, to use special means (including firearms), etc. Police officers were ranked the fifth most stressful job in the world. Police subculture is responsible for giving officers a unique working attitude and mindset. According to Adler, Mueller, and Laufer (1994) police subculture is a set of norms and values that govern the behavior of officers, brought about by stressful working conditions plus daily interaction with an often hostile public. The police officers must possess such values as responsibility, honesty, courage, self-confidence, resistance to stress, analytical mind, general resourcefulness, quick response, strong physical form. And it is not just male officers; it can be women officers as well. Women representatives began to work in the police more than a hundred years ago. During this time, women have shown themselves as skilled workers who can protect the rule of law at the same level as men. Police subculture is a general study that teaches police officers the police behavior and the correct attitude to certain values and beliefs. Indeed, police subculture affects every citizen of our society. The most important thing of police subculture is the idea of insiders and outsiders that lies at the core of all its values. .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b , .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b .postImageUrl , .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b , .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b:hover , .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b:visited , .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b:active { border:0!important; } .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b:active , .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8ba583e499e729e9f1eef7b87069a32b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Importance of being Earnest - Characters EssayAccording to the beliefs of police subculture, the police officers are the main guardian of order in public. No large public event takes place without officers. In the cases of a threat to human life, health or property, or in the cases of violence, general danger over a human life, police officers must come to the rescue. Police officers are responsible for acting exclusively within the public law, and therefore has no right to endanger even those who violate the order, whether it is men or women. It is possible for officers to use force, firearms, and injuries only in extreme cases, which are described separately in the law. The police officers patrol the streets, conduct training lectures and conversations in various public organizations, consider complaints and suggestions of the population, carry out preventive measures to prevent violence and other crimes. Police subculture affects police behavior. Officers are public representatives, and they are responsible for the public order. According to police subculture, officers can’t cause frustration or show a negative example for any citizen. Police subculture is very strict. The behavior of officers should be based on a positive attitude toward men and women, should spread moral values in public. Police officers work with educational institutions, conduct open lectures and various events. The main goal is to convey to the younger generation the full importance of the work of police officers, that is, to warn them against making the wrong choice in life and committing crimes. As a part of police subculture, a police officer must take responsibility for himself and others, make important decisions and be calm in critical situations (hostage taking, a large number of victims, domestic problems in families, violence against young girls and children, a description of property). The importance of police subculture. As far as you can see, the profession of police officers is an important, responsible and dangerous field of public activity. The beliefs of police officers are based on federal, regional and district laws, as well as on police subculture. At the same time, police subculture is the concepts, with values of which the work of officers would be lust a frustration because police affect all the spheres of human existence. You may ask what the challenges are facing the police officers? The main values of a police officer are to maintain order in public places, to stop and detain offenders, and to explain to offenders what they are wrong about, what is the cause of their arrest. In the minds of most people, the profession of â€Å"police officers† is associated with catching criminals, dangerous incidents and situations, fighting, and surveillance. However, there is a reverse side of the coin. Still, for the most part, the officer’s job is to prevent general crime and violence. Probably there is no more such a hard profession as a police officers job. Severe conditions of service, constant psychological stress, the need to communicate with the scum of society and to remain a person with the high values at the same time all these are complex issues that police offices solve every day. The profession of police officers its not just interesting, it should be not a job, and not even a career, but a vocation and a lifestyle without a piece of frustration. In police subculture, officers make life better for other people and society as a whole. Because of that important cause, every citizen should respect the labor of officers.